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Trouble finding A/C leaks? (especially with 134a)
by John Noble, www.coolflow.com
Appeared in
May/August 2001 Cool
Profit$ Magazine
Even with all the gadgets like electronic leak detectors and fluorescent dyes, why are today’s technicians still having a terrible problem detecting refrigerant leaks?
To help the readers of Cool Profit$ do a better job of detecting leaks, below are some of the “trade secrets” acquired over the last twenty-eight years. Like many of you, I’m a seasoned, veteran a/c technician who learned to cope with problems in some innovative, unconventional ways.
Note: You won’t find these procedures listed in the recently published MACS Service Reports (June 2001 edition)
“Special update on refrigerant leak detection.” (I offered them, but they were rejected). However, visit us at Cool Flow, Inc., Houston, Texas and I’ll show you how we are able to consistently locate leaks within 5-10 minutes, from start to finish, without the use of fluorescent dyes.
So here is my MACS-spurned Basic Leak Detection Course 101: Principles and Practices of A/C System Leak Testing with Nitrogen. I’m glad that my solutions will finally be heard.
Understanding the Basics
System Residues hide leaks. Sludge and residues coat the interior of system components and temporarily seal corrosion pits, fissures, seams, seals, o’rings, and other small leak points. Some of those residues include refrigeration oils, acids, desiccant, pulverized metal, Teflon piston ring material, brazing fluxes, dye particles, etc.
Overcoming Residue Surface Tension: Leaks are harder to find because leak testing is performed with the system turned off. Lost are the benefits of an operating system: a) constant washing of interior surfaces of components; b) higher operating pressures that encourage leaks. With a system at rest, the undisturbed residues mentioned above are able to coat the insides of the evaporator, condenser, compressor, and other components. When Residue Surface Tension is greater than the interior pressures’ ability to displace it, there is no leak occurrence, thus no leak detection.
Residue Displacement: If surface tension is the culprit, then how do we overcome it? Answer: By adding 4-ounces of chlorine-based refrigerant R-22 to the system. R-22 disturbs the surface tension. We follow that by pressurizing the system with 175-200 psi of nitrogen.
Both are cheap.
At the higher system pressure, the R-22 overcomes the residue surface tension and forces the leak path to reopen. Now, enough R-22 gas is available so that leaks are detected easily. The R-22 is the residue-displacing agent.
R-22 summary. R-22: (a) creates a leak path because of its oil solubility and residue displacement potential; (b) is more readily detectible by electronic leak detectors than HFCs; (c) is non visual-dependent, unlike dyes, thus can be used effectively to locate leaks in enclosed areas; (d) will not cross-contaminate nor cause any harmful consequences to CFC, HFC, nor blend refrigerant systems (i.e., after leak testing an HFC (R-134a) system using R-22, there is typically zero percent cross-contamination if evacuated afterwards).
Nitrogen summary. Nitrogen has the following qualities: (a) inert, very dry and non-flammable; (b) does not go into solution with refrigeration oil to create non condensable pressure problems (i.e., after leak testing an HFC (R-134a) system using R-22 and nitrogen, there is typically zero percent non condensables (nitrogen or air), if evacuated afterwards).
Diluted Liquid Soap. Speed is important to technicians when performing a leak test. Large and medium size leaks can be quickly located in exposed areas such as under hood components by applying diluted liquid dishwashing soap directly to suspected leak points.
Multiple Leaks. If a large leak is discovered repair it and perform a follow-up leak test. Leak tests should be performed following each repair until all leak points are found and fixed.
Pinpoint versus Area Testing
Pinpoint Accuracy. Technicians need to know exactly where leaks exist. Consequently, leak testing needs to be pinpoint accurate, regardless whether by visual or non-visual means. With dyes, the detection is strictly visual and general area, not pinpoint. Dyes do not provide the rapid and finite definition of the Combination Method [non-visual: electronic leak detector detecting the nitrogen-pressured R-22, and, visual: diluted soap solution bubbling].
Electronic Leak Detectors. Heated diode leak detectors are currently the best non-visual, dependent leak detection instrument for sensing a gaseous leak. They have the necessary characteristics of sensitivity, repeatability and recoverability (after a leak), which are so important.
Releasing Test Mix. The EPA approved the releasing of the “test mix” (R-22 & nitrogen) with the stipulation that: “All existing refrigerant within the system be recovered properly, and a 102mm (about 4”) mercury vacuum drawn on the system.”
By their definition, the R22-nitrogen test mix used for leak testing is not considered a refrigerant and therefore may be released to atmosphere. Their rationale is that one tiny loss which results in the discovery and repair of a leak reduces the greater loss over the life of a system. It’s better than multiple recharges of refrigerant and multiple losses to atmosphere.
Note: We’ve learned that the R22-nitrogen test mix should be released outside the building via copper (or other) tubing to prevent fouling the air inside the shop. This prevents false alarms by the leak detector. Also, always maintain a well-ventilated work area.
Summary
There is currently no equally effective (in all situations) substitute for the combination leak test method described above. It has neither the problems nor shortcomings of dye. I have heard the argument that nitrogen is dangerous. Well, the stationary industry has been using it for at least 60 years, and my company has been using it since 1973. Some of the major stationary manufacturers think that is important enough to dedicate a section of their training manuals exclusively to its use for leak testing their a/c systems. It is not unsafe, unless one uses it improperly. Mobile a/c technicians are simply untrained in its use. What a shame, it is so simple and effective and easier, safer, and cheaper, etc.
Once upon a time, folks were afraid to fly in an airplane that didn’t have a propeller—it was thought to be too dangerous. I encourage any a/c technician to get a good quality nitrogen regulator and bottle of nitrogen from a welding supply store. Set the regulator to 200 psi. It is safe to use with all conventional a/c systems, and will not damage any system components.
Make sure that the nitrogen bottle is secured to a wall or in a dolly, and that everyone in the service department is taught not to fool with the regulator setting. Or, install an Allen head set screw and lock nut with the regulator so that it can’t be adjusted once it is pre-set. We have safely tested a/c system components at 200-psi nitrogen pressures on over 40,000 tests. Remember, 200 psi is only about 50 psi higher than the compressed air lines used by you and every other technician nation wide. I encourage all technicians who aspire to become more professional in a/c service to invest in a good quality nitrogen regulator and bottle. Then take the time to practice the method. You will be doing a service to yourself and your
customers.
$$$
Before opening an automobile repair business, Cool Flow, Inc. founder John Noble spent 7 years in the aircraft service industry, and prior to 1971 worked as an FAA certified airframe & power plant technician. During the next 4 years he began to make the transition to specializing in automobile a/c related services. Today, the company is currently undergoing another transition into development of several a/c related products, which may be seen on its website:
www.coolflow.com.
Editor: Soon you will be
able to check in with “current” radiator and a/c industry vendors on the web at: www.imcool.com/buyersguide/.
Vendors: If you would like to be listed as a vendor to the automotive (and Heavy Duty) radiator and A/C service industry, please call, fax, email or fill out the form on the imcool.com web site. Look for Buyer’s Guide Data Entry Form.
Your cost to be listed on the web site and in the 2002 Annual Guide is only $12. For that, you also get a subscription to Cool Profit$ Magazine. In addition, your web listing will be maintained for free (name, contact, address, phone, email, URL, etc.). One heck of a deal.
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